Gernot Wagner

Senior Lecturer in the Discipline of Economics in the Faculty of Business, Columbia Business School

Faculty Affiliate, Center for Environmental Economics and Policy (CEEP)

Faculty Fellow, CESifo
Faculty Director, Climate Knowledge Initiative, Tamer Center for Social Enterprise
Board Member, CarbonPlan
Columnist, Project Syndicate

392 Kravis Hall
665 West 130th Street
New York, NY United States 10027
USA

BIOGRAPHY:

Gernot Wagner is a climate economist at Columbia Business School. His research, writing, and teaching focus on climate risks and climate policy. Gernot writes a monthly column for Project Syndicate and has written four books: Geoengineering: the Gamble, published by Polity (2021); Stadt, Land, Klima (“City, Country, Climate”), published, in German, by Brandstätter Verlag (2021); Climate Shock, joint with Harvard's Martin Weitzman and published by Princeton (2015), among others, a Top 15 Financial Times McKinsey Business Book of the Year 2015, and Austria’s Natural Science Book of the Year 2017; and But will the planet notice?, published by Hill & Wang/Farrar Strauss & Giroux (2011).

Prior to joining Columbia as senior lecturer and serving as faculty director of the Climate Knowledge Initiative, Gernot taught at NYU, Harvard, and Columbia. He was the founding executive director of Harvard's Solar Geoengineering Research Program (2016 – 2019), and served as economist at the Environmental Defense Fund (2008 – 2016), most recently as lead senior economist (2014 – 2016) and member of its Leadership Council (2015 – 2016). He has been a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a Senior Fellow at the Jain Family Institute, and is a CESifo Research Network Fellow, a Faculty Affiliate at the Columbia Center for Environmental Economics and Policy, a Member of the New York City Panel on Climate Change, a Coordinating Lead Author of the Austrian Panel on Climate Change, and he serves on the board of CarbonPlan.org.

RECENT POSTS FROM STATE OF THE PLANET

Sep 10, 2026

Marketplace: "The oil roller coaster reaches new heights — and it's a bumpy ride ahead"

 

If anything, S&P Global Energy’s year-ahead projection for crude oil is on the conservative side.

Gernot Wagner, director of the Climate Knowledge Initiative at Columbia Business School, has created his own model that predicts the price-per-barrel going forward.

“Around $100, never below $90,” Wagner said. “It’s not that the new normal is a stable higher price. It is essentially pricing in volatility, pricing in uncertainty.”

Quoted in: "The oil roller coaster reaches new heights — and it's a bumpy ride ahead" by Mitchell Hartman, Marketplace (10 September 2026).

Sep 09, 2026

A global dataset for coal-to-renewables cost crossover analysis

Abstract:

Renewable electricity is cheap and getting cheaper, while coal is still the single largest power source globally. Plant-level cost comparisons are difficult because coal fleets, renewable resources, technology costs, and financing conditions are reported in separate datasets with often incompatible conventions. We here combine these sources for 6,580 operating coal-fired units at 2,384 plants in 73 countries, allowing for a direct comparison of ‘coal crossover’ costs, comparing unit-level expenses of continuing to operate coal plants (OpEx) with the complete levelized cost for capital and operating expenses (CapEx and OpEx) of nearby solar and onshore wind, given local resource and financing conditions. We report least-cost technologies, break-even financing rates, and required renewable capacity and investment, in addition to four-hour lithium-ion battery storage to complement intermittent solar and wind power generation. The dataset and corresponding dashboard, available at https://coalcrossover.org, provides a common, transparent basis for studying how local resources, technology costs, and finance shape coal-to-renewable crossover estimates.

Draft: "A global dataset for coal-to-renewables cost crossover analysis" (9 September 2026); preprint available upon request.

Dashboard: coalcrossover.org [contact for password].

Code: github.com/Davidfu777/coal-crossover

Aug 26, 2026

Locked In and Priced Out: How Coal Power Contracts Fuel Debt and Delay the Energy Transition

Summary:

  • Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) are seen as necessary to build power infrastructure,
    yet they lock in aging and uneconomic power plants beyond when they would retire due to
    market forces alone.
  • PPAs in India, Indonesia, and Pakistan have led to severely mis-aligned incentives creating
    unsustainable debt, fossil fuel lock-in, and affordability crises.
  • For instance, capacity payments made to keep coal running now exceed some countries’
    annual health budgets, while providing electricity to households that costs three times as
    much as renewables.
  • We outline three policy approaches to ‘break the coal contract trap’:
    • Payouts compensating coal power producers for a contract’s residual value, conditional
      on total closure;
    • Careful renegotiation of capacity payments to coal power plants alongside technology
      swaps to crowd in cheaper, clean technologies, and;
    • Where renegotiation fails, litigation to terminate a PPA.
  • Finding ways to exit rigid PPAs, many of which were never sourced competitively, will create a
    pathway for a more just and equitable energy transition, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
    national debt and household electricity bills.

University of Oxford Smith School of Enterprise & Environment Policy Brief: "Locked In and Priced Out: How Coal Power Contracts Fuel Debt and Delay the Energy Transition" [PDF]

Aug 24, 2026

Chosun Daily: "Global Climate Shocks Threaten South Korea's Export-Driven Economy"

“폭염은 생명을 앗아갈 뿐 아니라 생계도 무너뜨립니다.”

‘기후 쇼크(Climate Shock)’의 저자이자 기후경제학 분야에서 손꼽히는 석학인 게르노트 바그너 컬럼비아대 경영대학원 교수는 11일(현지시각) 미국 뉴욕 컬럼비아대 크라비스홀에서 가진 본지 인터뷰에서 갈수록 심해지는 폭염이 단순한 기상 이변을 넘어 노동 생산성과 기업 활동, 글로벌 공급망을 흔드는 경제적 충격이 되고 있다고 말했다. 특히 세계 공급망에 깊숙이 연결된 수출 중심 경제인 한국은 지구 반대편에서 발생하는 폭염이나 가뭄 같은 기후 충격에도 상당한 영향을 받을 수 있다고 경고했다.

-한국에서도 섭씨 40도 넘는 폭염이 기승이었다.

“폭염은 사람을 (말 그대로) 죽인다. 생명도, 생계도 앗아간다. 경제학자로서 달러나 센트만 걱정해서는 안 된다. 무엇보다 사람이 목숨을 잃는다는 것 자체가 가장 직접적인 ‘비용’이다.”

-폭염이 경제와 사회에 본격적인 충격을 주는 기준선이 있나.

“섭씨 32도 정도를 임계점(threshold)으로 본다. 대개 이 온도를 넘어서면 많은 일이 한꺼번에 벌어지기 시작한다. 농작물이 죽고, 질병 발생이 늘어난다. 특히 환자와 노약자가 위험해지고 목숨을 잃기도 한다. 경제적인 관점에서 보면 생산성이 떨어진다. 일정 수준 이상의 기온은 인간이 생산적이고 행복하고 건강하게 살아가는 데 적응된 범위를 벗어나기 때문이다.”

-구체적인 수치로 설명한다면.

“몇 년 전 내가 참여한 연구에서는 섭씨 32도를 넘는 날이 단 하루 추가되는 것만으로도 연간 급여 총액(payroll)이 0.04% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 작은 숫자처럼 보일 수 있다. 하지만 (연간 감소 폭이 아니라 더위가 찾아온 날이 속한) 한 주 단위의 급여를 기준으로 환산하면 약 2%가 깎여 무시할 수 없다. 더구나 이런 극단적인 더위는 딱 하루만 나타나고 끝나지 않는다. 보통 일주일 내내 이런 폭염이 이어지기도 하는데, 그러면 생산성이 갑자기 뚝 떨어진다.”

-한국 경제가 특히 기후변화에 주목해야 한다고 했는데.

“기후변화는 ‘전 지구적’ 현상이다. 어느 한 지역에서 극심한 홍수나 가뭄이 발생한다고 해서 ‘그 지역에서만 적응하고 살면 되지’라고 단순하게 생각할 수 없다. 특히 한국처럼 수출 중심적인 경제에서는 지구 반대편에서 벌어지는 일도 공급망에 영향을 끼쳐 매우 중요해질 수 있다.”

-구체적인 사례를 든다면.

“내가 알기로 한국 철강의 약 5%가 유럽으로 수출된다. 그런데 최근 유럽의 주요 운송로 가운데 하나인 라인강이 (극한 가뭄으로) 수위가 너무 낮아져 철강처럼 무거운 화물을 실은 선박의 운항이 어려워졌다. 이는 한국 수출 업체들에도 영향을 미친다. 이런 예상하지 못한 연결 고리들이 전 세계 공급망을 통해 이어지면서 놀라울 정도로 큰 경제적 피해를 만들어낸다.”

-이란전으로 촉발된 에너지 위기는 어떤 의미가 있다고 보나.

“기후변화 해결책 얘기를 꺼낼 때면 태양광·풍력의 신뢰성을 의심하는 사람들을 만나게 된다. 그들은 태양은 밤에 빛나지 않고 바람은 항상 부는 게 아니라고 한다. 하지만 화석연료는 얼마나 믿을 만했나. 이란전으로 호르무즈 해협이 봉쇄되면서 전 세계 석유 공급과 에너지 가격이 출렁였다. 지금의 위기는 우리가 여전히 화석연료에 얼마나 의존하고 있는지를 보여준다. 결국 진짜 해답은 화석연료에서 벗어나는 것이다.”

Aug 21, 2026

Politico: "The stock market may have a climate change problem"

Losses to the economy often filter through to the stock market. But high levels of uncertainty around climate impacts make planning especially difficult, said Gernot Wagner, a climate economist at Columbia Business School.

“Here’s what I'm afraid of: It's going to be much bigger and sooner than most people appreciate,” said Wagner. “But it'll hit us in surprising ways that you and I can't predict right now, and that's of course what makes it even bigger.”

Wagner pointed to 2023, when smoke from wildfires in Canada traveled more than 400 miles to the world’s financial capital, turning the air in lower Manhattan orange and forcing the cancellation of Broadway shows and prompting Wall Street traders to work from home.

“You can model risk, but you cannot model uncertainty, and that's the problem,” he said.

PUBLICATIONS

Books

Wagner, Gernot. Geoengineering: the Gamble (Polity Press, published on 24 September 2021 in the UK, 5 November 2021 in the U.S. and Canada); German: Und wenn wir einfach die Sonne verdunkeln? (oekom Verlag, 7 February 2023).

Wagner, Gernot. Stadt, Land, Klima (Chr. Brandstätter Verlag, 8 February 2021; written in German; English: “City, Country, Climate”).

Wagner, Gernot and Martin L. Weitzman. Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet (Princeton University Press; 2015; paperback, 2016); Top 15 Financial Times McKinsey Business Book of the Year 2015; Austria’s Natural Science Book of the Year 2017.

Articles

Merk, Christine and Gernot Wagner. “Presenting balanced geoengineering information has little effect on mitigation engagement,” Climatic Change (forthcoming).

Kotchen, Matthew J., James A. Rising, and Gernot Wagner. “The costs of “costless” climate mitigation.” Science 382(6674): pp. 1001-3 (30 November 2023). doi: 10.1126/science.adj2453

Wagner, Gernot and Daniel Zizzamia “Green Moral Hazards.” Ethics, Policy & Environment 25(3): pp. 264-80 (September 2022). doi: 10.1080/21550085.2021.1940449

Dietz, Simon, James Rising, Thomas Stoerk, and Gernot Wagner. “Economic impacts of tipping points in the climate system,” PNAS (24 August 2021). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2103081118

Daniel, Kent D., Robert B. Litterman, and Gernot Wagner. “Declining CO2 price paths,” PNAS (1 October 2019). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1905755116

Reynolds, Jesse L. and Gernot Wagner. “Highly decentralized solar geoengineering.” Environmental Politics (2019). doi: 10.1080/09644016.2019.1648169

Kelleher, J. Paul and Gernot Wagner. “Ramsey discounting calls for subtracting climate damages from economic growth rates.” Applied Economics Letters 26 (1): 79-82 (2019). doi:10.1080/13504851.2018. 1438581

Kelleher, J. Paul and Gernot Wagner. “Prescriptivism, risk aversion, and intertemporal substitution in climate economics.” Annals of Economics and Statistics No. 132 (December 2018): 129-49.

Smith, Wake and Gernot Wagner. “Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (2018) 124001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d.

Mahajan, Aseem, Dustin Tingley, and Gernot Wagner. “Fast, cheap, and imperfect? U.S. public opinion about solar geoengineering.” Environmental Politics (May 2018), doi:10.1080/09644016. 2018.1479101